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. 2025 Aug 12;17(8):mfaf031. doi: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaf031

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Characterization of metal element serum concentrations. (A) Spearman’s correlation between the metal elements’ serum concentrations. (B) Network representation displaying element correlations, with a closer graphical proximity indicating higher correlation in serum concentrations between metal elements. (C) Top 10 results of the correlation between pairs of elements. (D) Distribution of average scaled serum concentration by variable and categorical level. Each data point represents an element, with blood concentration scaled to centre around the average and expressed in standard deviations. (E) On the left, top 5 cross-correlations between elements selected based on their significant correlation differences between the categorical levels defined in (D). On the right, distribution of all significant cross-correlations between elements for the same categories.