. 2025 Aug 25;15:31291. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17311-8

Table 2.

Standardized coefficients for direct, mediator, moderator, and moderated mediation effects (n = 827).

Effect Type	Independent Variable	Mediating Variable	Dependent Variable	Direct, Mediator, and Moderated Mediation Effect
Effect Type	Independent Variable	Mediating Variable	Dependent Variable	β	SE	95% CI [LCI-UCI]
Direct Effect	SL	-	TE	0.06	0.0353	[−0.1248 0.0138]
	SL	-	TSW	0.53^**	0.0291	[0.4720 0.5862]
	TSW	-	TE	0.55^**	0.0358	[0.4806 0.6211]
	Gender	-	TE	−0.16^*	0.0718	[−0.2993 −0.0173]
	Level of Education	-	TE	−0.01	0.0276	[−0.0601 0.0483]
	Educational Level	-	TE	−0.23^**	0.0648	[−0.3525 −0.0982]
	Professional Seniority		TE	−0.02^**	0.0036	[−0.0200 −0.0060]
Indirect Effect	SL	TSW	TE	0.29^**	0.0264	[0.2405 0.3452]
Moderator Effect	SL x DL	-	TSW	0.12^**	0.0232	[0.0764 0.1673]
Moderated Mediation Effect	SL x DL	TSW	TE	0.07^*	0.0257	[0.0167 0.1176]

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, SE: Standardized Error, CI: Confidence Interval, SL: Servant Leadership, DL: Distributed Leadership, TSW: Teacher Subjective Well-being, TE: Teaching Enthusiasm, Gender: The reference group is women, Level of Education: The reference group is preschool, Educational Level: The reference group is Bachelor’s degree.