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. 2025 Aug 25;15:31201. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16707-w

Table 1.

The number of human attack, livestock depredation, crop raiding, and property damage incidents by wildlife from 2013–2022 in the buffer zones of Bardia and Chitwan National Parks, Nepal.

Incident type Damage Bardia Chitwan Total Percent
Crop raiding Paddy 1848 2075 3923 48.3
Wheat 1273 755 2028 24.9
Maize 956 554 1510 18.6
Mustard 72 297 369 4.5
Others 93 171 264 3.2
Banana 7 26 33 0.4
Millet 2 2 0.0
Total 4249 3880 8129
Livestock depredation Goat 2172 637 2809 60.9
Pig 736 35 771 16.7
Cattle 523 180 703 15.2
Buffalo 70 95 165 3.6
Sheep 153 4 157 3.4
Fowl 5 5 0.1
Rabbit 1 1 0.0
Total 3660 951 4611
Human attack Injury 76 301 377 74.5
Death 41 88 129 25.5
Total 117 389 506
Property damage House 1360 328 1688 96.8
Livestock shed 17 30 47 2.7
Vehicle 4 4 0.2
Water tank 4 4 0.2
Total 1381 362 1743
Grand total 9407 5582 14,989