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. 2025 Jun 17;18(7):sfaf189. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaf189

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2: — Summary of the commonly used methods to isolate EVs from various sample matrices. EVs are isolated based on their surface characteristics, density, size, and charge [26, 27, 97, 98]. PEG, polyethylene glycol.