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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1628940. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1628940

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© 2025 Yang, Yan, Zhou, Li, Wang, Li, Lin and Hao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing a process involving an SD rat, isolated heart, cardiac mapping, and signal recording. The timeline includes baseline stabilization with oxygen-saturated KH solution for 15 minutes, followed by a 3-minute recording at 6Hz S1S2. Then, 15 minutes of low-potassium or salidroside solution perfusion, another 3-minute recording, and finally, a 15-minute wash with KH solution and a final 3-minute recording. — Flow chart of the experiment.