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. 2025 Aug 12;19:1624932. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1624932

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Copyright © 2025 Wen, Zheng, Luo, Zhang and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphs and track plots depict a behavioral study in different test conditions. Plots A, B, and C, labeled VPA, VPA+OT, and control, show movement patterns with green squares indicating central zones. Bar graphs D, E, F, and G show quantitative data: time spent in center, social preference, social novelty, and repetitive/stereotypic behavior measure. Control, VPA, and VPA+OT groups are represented. Significant differences are marked with asterisks, suggesting variations in behavior or responses across conditions. — Autistic-like behavior test (n = 5 in each group). Locomotion trajectory of (A) control group, (B) VPA group and (C) VPA +OT group, (D) Compare the time spend in center in each group. (E) Sociability test in each group, (F) Social novelty test in each group, (G) Repetitive/stereotypic behavior test. Compared with control group: **p < 0.01; compared with VPA-induced autism model group: ^##p < 0.01.