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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1655946. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2025.1655946

FIGURE 4.

A composite image features multiple scientific analyses of tissue samples. Panel A shows a microscopic image of a tissue section with color-enhanced details. Panel B presents color-coded micrographs for various conditions: Healthy, LR, LR+GM, and WB. Panel C contains a bar graph comparing Young’s Modulus across conditions, with values ranging from 400 to 1200 kPa, highlighting LR as having a higher modulus. Panel D displays cross-sectional images of tissue samples labeled Healthy, LR+GM, LR, and WB. Panel E shows a bar graph of opening angles, with Healthy samples having the highest angle around 55 degrees.

Force mapping via atomic force microscopy and opening angle measurements of healthy and T/HS aortic rings. (A) Areas (scan size: 40 μm) of the tunica media were scanned in triplicates per aortic section (scale bar = 100 μm). (B) Representative scans of Young’s modulus mapping from each group were set to the same color scale (0–1.92 MPa) for visual comparison. (C) The mean of the average Young’s modulus of each sample scan was calculated and plotted on a bar graph. (D) Representative images of cut-open aortic rings from each group. (E) Average opening angles measured in degrees. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. By one-way ANOVA, †† p < 0.01 and † p < 0.05 for Healthy vs. LR.