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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1640369. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1640369

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Copyright © 2025 Barnwal and Saleh.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmap showing the antibiotic concentration in log base 2 micrograms per milliliter for various bacterial isolates. Rows represent isolates (e.g., VITSA1, VITSA2, VITSA3, VITSA4, VITSA8, VITSA11, VITSA12, VITSA13, VITSA14 and VITSA19) and columns represent antibiotic treatments (Amoxicillin, Meropenem, Vancomycin in strip and broth forms). Color intensity indicates concentration levels, with a scale from 0 to 12 on the right. — Heat map representing the mean MIC values (log₂ μg/mL) of each bacterial isolate against three antibiotics (amoxicillin, meropenem, and vancomycin) measured using gradient strip method (Amoxicillin_strip, Meropenem_Strip, Vancomycin_Strip) and broth microdilution method (Amoxicillin_Broth, Meropenem_Broth, Vancomycin_Broth). Values represent the average of three independent measurements (log₂ μg/mL) for each isolate (darker shades of blue indicate higher resistance).