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. 2025 Aug 12;6:1540183. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2025.1540183

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© 2025 Kobayashi, Fukubayashi, Iwai, Miura, Yamamoto, Ono, Miki, Ueguchi and Ishikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three grayscale MRI images showing different anatomical orientations with yellow arrows indicating measurement dimensions. Left: Right/Left head-foot orientation with vertical arrows. Center: Bilateral right-left orientation with horizontal arrow. Right: Right/Left anterior-posterior orientation with horizontal arrow. — Measurement axes of respiratory thoracic expansion. The respiratory thoracic expansion was measured in the head-foot (H-F) and anterior-posterior (A-P) directions in both hemithoraces and in the bilateral right-left (R-L) direction, each along the axis indicated by yellow arrows. To determine these measurement axes, visible anatomical landmarks (red marks) were first identified, then auxiliary lines were drawn, and finally midpoints were calculated, as illustrated in the figure.