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. 2025 Aug 12;6:1540183. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2025.1540183

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© 2025 Kobayashi, Fukubayashi, Iwai, Miura, Yamamoto, Ono, Miki, Ueguchi and Ishikawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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1D kymogram images depicting diaphragm motion phases. Panel A illustrates front-hind and right-left directions, showing magnified areas with yellow and purple arrows indicating inspiratory and expiratory movements. Panel B shows anterior-posterior direction with similar color-coded arrows. Labels denote end-inspiratory (diaphragm lowest) and end-expiratory (diaphragm highest) phases. — Measurement of thoracic expansion on 1D kymograms. Measurements of thoracic dimensions were performed at single time points of end-inspiratory and end-expiratory phases at which the diaphragm reached its lowest and highest positions throughout the entire 60 s duration on 1D y-t kymograms. (A) 1D y-t kymogram showing measurements of H-F thoracic dimensions, and 1D x-t kymogram showing R-L dimensions. The end-inspiratory and end-expiratory phases for the measurements are also shown on the y-t kymogram (arrowhead with “I” and that with “E”, respectively). The magnified image shows slight thoracic expansion in the R-L direction. (B) 1D x-t kymogram showing measurements of A-P dimensions. Yellow and pink arrows correspond to the measurements of thoracic dimensions at the end-inspiratory and end-expiratory phases, respectively. Note that in this representative example, the selected time points happened to occur within the same respiratory cycle, but were not necessarily from the same cycle.