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. 2025 Aug 5;13:1606778. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1606778

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Copyright © 2025 Liu, Gao and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating relationships between individual health, employment status, relative poverty, and medical expenditures. Arrows indicate directions and correlation values: 0.389 from health to employment, -0.730 from health to expenditures, 0.024 from health to poverty, -0.796 from employment to poverty, and 0.184 from expenditures to poverty. Values in parentheses represent statistical significance levels. — Path diagram of the relationship between latent variables. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. () Represent standard errors.