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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1642091. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642091

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Copyright © 2025 He, Xiang, Luo, Wang, Zheng, Gao and Yao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating how tumor cell-derived exosomes regulate the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promote tumor progression. Part A shows exosomes influencing TAMs towards M1 or M2 polarization via specific microRNAs and proteins, impacting tumorigenesis, EMT, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Part B depicts TAMs-derived exosomes enhancing colon cancer cell activities like proliferation, migration, and immune escape through various signaling pathways and interactions, involving microRNAs and proteins. — Intercellular communication via exosomes in colon cancer TME (Created in BioRender. qingman, H. (2025) https://BioRender.com/ijd8zht). (A) Tumor cell-derived exosomes regulate TAMs polarization. (B) TAMs-derived exosomes promote tumor progression.