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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1642091. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1642091

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Copyright © 2025 He, Xiang, Luo, Wang, Zheng, Gao and Yao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram showing signaling pathways for M1 and M2 polarization influenced by natural products. M1 involves IL-6, TLR-2, and TLR-4 pathways leading to activation of STAT3, NF-κB, and PPARγ. M2 features pathways involving MACC1, SPP1, YAP1, and TGFβ1, activating STAT3, β-catenin, and PI3K. M1 is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, while M2 involves anti-inflammatory and repair cytokines. — Natural product–mediated signaling pathways in TAMs polarization (Created in BioRender. qingman, H. (2025) https://BioRender.com/3g8lx62).