Table 5.

Natural product–based nanomedicines targeting TAMs for colon cancer therapy.

Type	Biofilm/host material	Drugs	Experimental model	Effect on the macrophages	Function	Ref.
RSV-NPs@RBCm	erythrocyte membrane	Resveratrol	in vitro and in vivo	↑ escape macrophage phagocytosis	suppress tumor growth via promoting tumor cells ferroptosis	(205)
HPA/AS/CQ@Man-EM	erythrocyte membrane/PLGA	Artesunate and Chloroquine	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IRF5, LC3II/LC3I, NF-κB, p-p38↓ M2 polarization, TGF-β, ARG1, IL-10	suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis via upregulating ROS level and downregulating VEGF protein level	(206)
GDNPs	extracellular vesicle-liked nanoparticles	Ginseng	in vitro and in vivo	↓ M2 polarization, ARG1	suppress tumor growth, promote proliferation and activation of T cells through mTOR-bet axis	(207)
M1EVs	macrophage 1-derived extracellular vesicles	Oxaliplatin, Retinoic acid, and Libidibia ferrea	in vitro and in vivo	↓ M2 polarization, IL-10, TGF-β, CCL22, STAT3/NF-κB/AKT pathway	suppress tumor growth, EMT, metastasis, promote CD8+ T cells infiltration	(208)
CaZCH NPs	hyaluronic acid- modified	Ca2+, Curcumin and H2O2	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization	suppress tumor growth, induce tumor cells immunogenic ferroptosis, alleviate the immunosuppressive TME	(209)
MPLO@HA	hyaluronic acid- modified	Metformin, Oxaliplatin and Lauric acid	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization, IL-12, ↓ IL-10	suppress tumor growth, induce tumor cells ICD, inhibit Tregs and MDSCs	(210)
M2 peptide-modified nanoliposomes containing crocin	liposome	Crocin	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization, TNF-α, IL-12β	suppress tumor growth	(211)
LNPs	liposome	Mulberry Leaf	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M2 polarization, IL-10, ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, CD98, ↑ Galectin-3, PI3K/STAT6 pathway	suppress tumor progression, alleviate inflammation	(212)
TS-NP	egg phosphatidylcholine	Tocopheryl succinate	in vivo	↓ M2 polarization, VEGF-A, IL-10	suppress tumor growth and metastasis	(213)
Apt-2cNP	PLGA	Betulinic acid	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization	suppress tumor growth, induce tumor cells apoptosis and autophagy, promote immune cells activation	(214)
CHO-PLGA-RA NPs	PLGA NPs coated with cholesterol	Retinoic acid	in vitro and in vivo	↓ M2 polarization, NF-κB, STAT3, IL-10, TGF-β	suppress tumor growth, EMT, metastasis, promote CD8+ T cells infiltration	(215)
EBNPs	poly (ethylene oxide)-poly (butylene oxide)	Linoleic acid conjugated SN38	in vitro	↑ escape macrophage phagocytosis	suppress tumor growth, promote tumor cells apoptosis	(216)
SeNps	selenium nanoparticles	Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393	in vitro	↑ macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells	promote tumor cells apoptosis and ICD	(217)
LNT-UA	/	Ursolic acid and Lentinan	in vitro and in vivo	↑ M1 polarization, IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10	suppress tumor growth and metastasis, induce tumor cells ICD, promote activation of DC and recruitment of T cells	(218)