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. 2025 Aug 12;19:1608615. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2025.1608615

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Copyright © 2025 Zhang, Tian, Bo and Zhong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A shows electron microscopy images with a zoomed-in section displaying round particles. Panel B presents a size distribution graph with a peak. Panel C depicts Western blot results for CD63, TSG101, and β-actin across samples labeled Hu-MSC, EV, and M-EV. — Identification of HUC-MSCs-derived EVs. (A) Under TEM, the M-EVs appear cup-shaped. (B) Use NTA to analyze the particle size distribution of M-EV. (C) Western-blot of extracellular membrane markers CD63 and TSG101. Scale bars: 500 nm in (A).