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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1608269. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608269

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Copyright © 2025 Badaluta, Ionascu, Ditu, Curutiu, Holban, Oprea, Kourkoutas, Mihai, Cucu, Hudita, Marinescu and Lazar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing MBEC mean values (milligrams per milliliter) for various bacterial strains. Gram-positive bacteria are indicated in gray; Gram-negative in white. Notable differences are marked with asterisks, indicating statistical significance. The strains include E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecalis, and K. pneumoniae. S. aureus MRSA 86 has the highest MBEC mean. — Graphic representation of biofilm modulation of antimicrobial activity of α-T: N combination (1:1) after 24 h incubation; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Barplots were created with modified data.