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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1608269. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608269

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Copyright © 2025 Badaluta, Ionascu, Ditu, Curutiu, Holban, Oprea, Kourkoutas, Mihai, Cucu, Hudita, Marinescu and Lazar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four bar graphs compare TNF-α concentrations in pg/mL at 24 and 48 hours for control bacterial strains, GA, N, and αT. Each graph distinguishes between Gram-positive (light gray) and Gram-negative (dark gray) bacteria. Control shows high levels for Gram-positive at 24 hours. GA, N, and αT also show higher concentrations at 24 hours, mainly for Gram-positive, with levels dropping to nearly zero at 48 hours. — Graphical representation of TNF-α concentration levels at 24h and 48h in response to different bacterial strains in the presence of FCs tested [gallic acid (GA), nerolidol (N) and α-terpineol (αT)].