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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1608269. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608269

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Copyright © 2025 Badaluta, Ionascu, Ditu, Curutiu, Holban, Oprea, Kourkoutas, Mihai, Cucu, Hudita, Marinescu and Lazar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four bar graphs show IL-12A concentrations for Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains over 24 and 48 hours. Control shows 37 and 39 pg/mL at 24 hours. GA shows 14 pg/mL for Gram-positive at 24 hours. N shows 38 and 123 pg/mL at 24 hours. αT shows 61 and 78 pg/mL at 24 hours. All show zero at 48 hours. — Graphical representation of IL-12A concentration levels at 24h and 48h in response to different bacterial strains in the presence of FCs tested (GA, N and αT).