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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1608269. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608269

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Copyright © 2025 Badaluta, Ionascu, Ditu, Curutiu, Holban, Oprea, Kourkoutas, Mihai, Cucu, Hudita, Marinescu and Lazar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four bar charts display TNF-α concentrations in pg/mL for different LAB strains over 24 and 48 hours. The strains are Lb. rhamnosus, Lb. paracasei, and Lc. lactis. Concentrations vary significantly, with noticeable differences between time points and strains across the charts labeled as Control LAB strains, GA, N, and αT. — Graphical representation of TNF-α concentration levels at 24h and 48h in response to different LAB strains in the presence of FCs tested (GA, N and αT).