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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1608269. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608269

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Copyright © 2025 Badaluta, Ionascu, Ditu, Curutiu, Holban, Oprea, Kourkoutas, Mihai, Cucu, Hudita, Marinescu and Lazar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts showing the diameter of growth inhibition zones for different compounds against three bacterial strains: E. coli 82, E. coli ATCC 25922, and K. pneumoniae 102. Compounds tested are denoted as GA, αT, N, and DMSO. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks (* for p<0.05, ** for p<0.01, *** for p<0.001, **** for p<0.0001), with the highest inhibition observed for compound N across all strains. Each chart compares the effectiveness of the compounds, with measurements in millimeters. — Graphic representation of Diameters of Growth Inhibition Zones (DGIZ) (mm) developed after 24 h of incubation of E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains (Gram-negative) in the presence of FCs: Gallic Acid (GA), α-Terpineol (αT) and Nerolidol (N) (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Barplots were created with modified data.