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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1636035. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1636035

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Copyright © 2025 Song, Cheng, Dong, Li, Cheng, Shang, Li, Zhu, Zhang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts showing the effects of varying concentrations (0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 micromolar) on cell viability and virus titer for SARS-CoV-2, Beta, Delta, BA.1, BA.2 variants, HCoV-OC43, TGEV, PEDV, and IBV. Panels A-I illustrate cell viability, while J-R present viral titers. Statistical significance is indicated by asterisks. Higher concentrations generally decrease cell viability and virus titer. — Antiviral effects of PB28 against coronaviruses in vitro. (A–I) PB28 treatment restores cell viability in infected cells (n = 3). (J–R) PB28 significantly reduces viral titers in cells infected with multiple coronavirus strains (n = 5). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.