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. 2025 Aug 5;11(1):veaf059. doi: 10.1093/ve/veaf059

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Spike A222V reoccurs in human and animal sequences across time and clade. (A) Phylogenetic tree of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from all hosts on GISAID. Phylogeny represents ~4000 genomes selected by NextStrain. The amino acid identity Spike V222 is highlighted in the tree (yellow). Clades are annotated according to sequences containing Spike V222. (B–F) Frequency of the Spike A222V mutation in SARS-CoV-2 sequences found in different hosts over time. Frequencies are shown for humans (B), dog (C), cat (D), mink (E), and white-tailed deer (F). The bars represent the number of samples collected in each month. The dots indicate the percentage of samples with the A222V mutation in a given month. The percentage within parentheses following the name of each host for each panel [e.g. Human (3.97%)] denotes the overall frequency of the A222V mutation observed in that host. Phylogenetic tree was generated by NextStrain and is used under a CC-BY-4.0 license.