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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1515693. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1515693

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© 2025 Tona, Civieri, Vadori, Masiero, Iop, Perazzolo Marra, Cecere, Martini, Tansella, Bernava, Schiavon, Leoni, Cozzi and Iliceto.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graph A shows the risk of MACE increasing with higher AT1R-AA levels, starting from an excess risk threshold around 10 U/mL. Graph B displays a similar trend for ETAR-AA levels, with an excess risk threshold near 10 U/mL. Both graphs feature a red line indicating the relationship between autoantibodies level and hazard ratios, and shaded areas representing confidence intervals. — Spline curves for AT1R-AAs and ETAR-AAs versus MACE. Changes in the hazard ratio (HR) across the AT1R-AAs (A) and ETAR-AAs (B) are demonstrated in spline curves on a hazard scale with overlaid 95% confidence intervals (gray shaded area). This scale shows the relationship between AT1R-AAs, ETAR-AAs, and MACE.