Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory data for patients with STEMI (n = 200).
| Baseline characteristics | Overall cohort (n = 200) | Seronegative patients (n = 110) | Single seropositive patients (n = 44) | Double seropositive patients (n = 46) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, years | 62 ± 11 | 60 ± 10 | 58 ± 11 | 64 ± 13 | 0.138 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 166 (83) | 91 (83) | 35 (79) | 40 (87) | 0.641 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 0.625 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 ± 4 | 27 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 27 ± 5 | 0.463 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Obesity, n (%) | 29 (14) | 19 (17) | 2 (4) | 8 (17) | 0.517 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 97 (48) | 51 (46) | 22 (50) | 24 (52) | 0.783 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 23 (11) | 11 (10) | 2 (4) | 10 (22) | 0.029 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 50 (25) | 34 (31) | 6 (14) | 10 (22) | 0.957 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 59 (29) | 43 (39) | 8 (18) | 8 (17) | 0.172 |
| Ex-smoker, n (%) | 79 (39) | 56 (51) | 10 (23) | 13 (50) | 0.314 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 15 (7) | 8 (7) | 0 (0) | 7 (15) | 0.024 |
| Pacemaker, n (%) | 5 (2) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (4.3) | 0.858 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.1) | 0.757 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 13 (6) | 2 (1.8) | 3 (7) | 1 (2.1) | 0.336 |
| SBP at admission, mmHg | 136 ± 24 | 136 ± 23 | 139 ± 29 | 138 ± 23 | 0.271 |
| DBP at admission, mmHg | 81 ± 15 | 81 ± 14 | 76 ± 19 | 79 ± 16 | 0.448 |
| HR at admission, beats/min | 81 ± 16 | 81 ± 15 | 85 ± 19 | 77 ± 17 | 0.121 |
| O2 saturation at admission, % | 97 ± 3 | 97 ± 3 | 98 ± 1 | 97 ± 2 | 0.323 |
| Pain to balloon time, min | 200 (125–393) | 197 (124–404) | 255 (147–385) | 197 (122–306) | 0.940 |
| Door to balloon time, min | 75 (47–125) | 76 (48–120) | 87 (41–110) | 76 (46–115) | 0.963 |
| TIMI flow after PPCI <3 | 20 (10) | 15 (14) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (9) | 0.743 |
| Blush grade after PPCI ≤2 | 16 (8) | 13 (12) | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | 0.400 |
| Laboratory values at admission | |||||
| Peak of troponin, ng/L | 64,061 (26,392–146,700) | 53,665 (22,173–118,900) | 89,474 (30,010–195,650) | 73,911 (58,162–163,050)* | 0.046 |
| CRP, mg/L | 5.35 (3–13.76) | 5.30 (3.0–13.5) | 10.95 (3.16–19.15) | 11.62 (3.15–33.28) | 0.173 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 112 (48–228) | 107 (45–225) | 117 (54–197)** | 214 (69–389)** | 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min | 63 (83–100) | 93 (70–100) | 84 (73–102) | 91 (78–102) | 0.476 |
| D-dimer, ng/ml | 150 (150–200) | 150 (150–182) | 150 (150–170) | 164 (150–281)** | 0.002 |
| Hemoglobin, mmol/L | 7.9 (6.8–9.7) | 8.1 (6.7–9.8) | 7.9 (6.7–9.1) | 8.9 (7.0–8.8) | 0.215 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 93 (80–115) | 90 (80–110) | 93 (81–111) | 96 (83–114) | 0.412 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 7.3 (6.3–11.4) | 7.1 (6.2–10.8) | 7.5 (6.8–12.1) | 7.6 (7.0–11.6) | 0.489 |
| Medication at discharge | |||||
| ACE-inhibitor/ARB, n (%) | 182 (91) | 101 (92) | 40 (91) | 41 (89) | 0.770 |
| β-blocker, n (%) | 134 (67) | 78 (77) | 18 (41) | 38 (83) | 0.076 |
| Statin, n (%) | 200 (100) | 110 (100) | 44 (100) | 46 (100) | 1.000 |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 12 (6) | 6 (5) | 2 (4.5) | 4 (8) | 0.305 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics at discharge | |||||
| LVEDVi, ml/m2 | 57 ± 13 | 58 ± 16 | 58 ± 11 | 54 ± 9 | 0.730 |
| LVESVi, ml/m2 | 31 ± 11 | 30 ± 12 | 30 ± 10 | 32 ± 8 | 0.648 |
| LVEF, % | 47 ± 10 | 49 ± 9 | 48 ± 8 | 45 ± 10 | 0.090 |
| LVEF preserved ≥ 50%, n (%) | 71 (35) | 52 (47) | 7 (16) | 12 (26) | 0.333 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 97 ± 24 | 98 ± 25 | 87 ± 21 | 100 ± 22 | 0.521 |
| Wall motion score index | 1.69 ± 0.36 | 1.65 ± 0.33 | 1.69 ± 0.34 | 1.68 ± 0.34 | 0.704 |
| E/A ratio | 1.08 ± 0.41 | 1.04 ± 0.37 | 1.24 ± 0.54 | 1.14 ± 0.49 | 0.445 |
| E/e’ ratio | 9.64 ± 3.47 | 9.53 ± 3.31 | 10.69 ± 4.49 | 10.25 ± 3.73 | 0.206 |
| Mitral deceleration time, ms | 188 ± 63 | 184 ± 62 | 174 ± 42 | 212 ± 82 | 0.218 |
| RV end-diastolic area, mm2/m2 | 11 (9–13) | 10 (9–12) | 10 (9–14) | 13 (10–16) | 0.536 |
| RV end-systolic area, mm2/m2 | 7 (5–8) | 6 (5–8) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–10) | 0.574 |
| RV systolic pressure, mmHg | 35 ± 10 | 32 ± 9 | 35 ± 8 | 36 ± 8 | 0.958 |
| TAPSE, mm | 20 ± 3 | 21 ± 3 | 20 ± 2 | 20 ± 4 | 0.260 |
| Right ventricular shortening fraction, % | 43 ± 7 | 44 ± 6 | 42 ± 8 | 43 ± 9 | 0.707 |
| Moderate mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 32 (16) | 18 (16) | 7 (16) | 7 (15) | 0.956 |
| Moderate tricuspid regurgitation, n (%) | 5 (2.5) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.1) | 0.841 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). P value by Kruskal–Wallis or one-way ANOVA for non-Gaussian and Gaussian distributed continuous variables, respectively. P value by χ2 test for categorical variables (Bonferroni correction: *p < 0.05 vs seronegative; **p < 0.001 vs seronegative). Bold values indicate significant (<0.05) p-values.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E/A, early/late filling velocity on transmitral Doppler; E/e'ratio, early filling velocity on transmitral Doppler/early relaxation velocity on tissue Doppler; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, heart rate; LV, left ventricular; LVEDVi, left ventricular end diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVi, left ventricular end systolic volume index; PPCI, primary percutaneous coronary intervention; RV, right ventricle; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.