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. 2025 May 2;29(8):2588–2609. doi: 10.1007/s10461-025-04719-6

Table 2.

Socio-demographic characteristics of AGYW and ABYM at baseline by SDPs in uMgungundlovu district between August 2021 to July 2022

Variable Total (N1 = 2772) Clinics (N2 = 1833) Youth Zone (N3 = 472) Schools (N4 = 467)
Demographic variables n % (95% CI) n % (95% CI) n % (95% CI) n % (95% CI) F-value Pearson chi-square p-value
PrEP initiation
Initiated PrEP 781 28.2 (17.5–42.1) 165 9.0 (4.4–17.5) 275 58.3 (36.5–77.3) 341 73.0 (58.2–84.0) 33.1 < 0.001
Did not initiate PrEP 1991 71.8 (57.9–82.5) 1668 91.0 (82.6–95.6) 197 41.7 (22.7–63.5) 126 27.0 (16.0–41.8)
Nationality
South African 2751 99.2 (98.3–99.7) 1816 99.1 (97.7–99.6) 740 99.6 (95.9–100) 465 99.6 (97.4–99.9) 0.1 0.90
Other SADC 18 0.6 (0.3–1.4) 15 0.8 (0.3–2.0) 1 0.2 (0.0–2.1) 2 0.4 (0.1–2.6)
Other African 2 0.1 (0.0–0.2) 2 0.1 (0.0–0.4) 0 0 0 0
Outside Africa  1 0.0 (0.0–0.3) 0 0 1 0.2 (0.0–2.1) 0 0
Ethnicity
N1 = 2768; N2 = 1831; N3 = 472; N4 = 467
Black African 2748 99.3 (98.0–99.7) 1814 99.1 (97.2–99.7) 469 99.8 (97.9–100) 465 99.6 (97.4–99.9) 0.1 0.89
Coloured 14 0.5 (0.2–1.3) 12 0.7 (0.2–1.8) 1 0.2 (0.0–2.1) 1 0.2 (0.0–1.3)
White 2 0.1 (0.0–0.5) 2 0.1 (0.0–0.6) 0 0 0 0
Indian/Asian 2 0.1 (0.0–0.2) 2 0.1 (0.0–0.4) 0 0 0
Other  1 0.0 (0.0–0.3) 0 0 0 0 1 0.3 (0.0–1.3)
Median Age (years) 2772 21 (19–24) 1833 22 (20–24) 472 20 (17–22) 467 18 (16–21) 435 < 0.001
Sex
Male 1078 38.9 (30.1–48.5) 850 46.4 (35.1–58.0) 92 19.5 (14.2–26.1) 136  29.1 (23.8–35.1) 14.7 < 0.001
Female 1694 61.1 (51.5–69.9) 983 53.6 (42.0–64.9) 380 80.5 (73.9–85.78) 331 70.9 (64.9–76.2)
Age categories
15–19 years 857 30.9 (19.4–45.4) 373 20.4 (13.7–29.2) 221 46.8 (36.3–57.7) 263 56.3 (9.9–93.8) 2.8 0.11
20–24 years 1384 49.9 (40.3–59.6) 982 53.6 (49.6–57.5) 217 46.0 (36.0–56.3) 185 39.6 (6.6–86.0)
25–29 years 337 12.2 (8.8–16.5) 292 15.9 (12.0–20.9) 28 5.9 (4.1–8.5) 17 3.6 (0.6–18.8)
30–35 years 194 7.0 (4.2–11.4) 186 10.2 (6.5–15.5) 6 1.3 (0.4–3.6) 2 0.4 (0.1–2.7)
Highest education attained
N1 = 2769; N2 = 1833; N3 = 471; N4 = 4655
No education 2 0.1 (0.0–0.3) 2 0.1 (0.0–0.4) 0 0 0 0 0.9 0.41
Primary education 33 1.2 (0.9–1.6) 21 1.1 (0.8–1.7) 12 2.5 (2.2–3.0) 0 0
High school education 2533 91.5 (84.0–95.6) 1639 89.4 (79.2–95.0) 443 94.1 (91.5–95.9) 451 97.0 (84.5–99.5)
Tertiary 196 7.1 (3.2–15.0) 167 9.1 (3.9–20.0) 15 3.2 (1.8–5.6) 14 3.0 (0.5–15.5)
Currently studying
N1 = 2766; N2 = 1828; N3 = 471; N4 = 467
No 1241 44.9 (36.7–53.3) 1055 57.7 (47.3–67.5) 181 38.4 (28.3–49.7) 5 1.1 (0.2–5.0) 48.3 < 0.001
Yes 1523 55.1 (46.7–63.2) 771 42.2 (32.6–52.4) 290 61.6 (50.3–71.7) 462 98.9 (95.0–99.8)
Marital status
N1 = 2763; N2 = 1825; N3 = 472; N4 = 466
Married (living together) 19 0.7 (0.3–1.5) 18 1.0 (0.4–2.3) 1 0.2 (0.0–2.1) 0 0 2.1 0.14
Married (living separately) 9 0.3 (0.1–0.8) 4 0.2 (0.0–1.2) 0 0 5 1.1 (0.5–2.1)
Cohabiting 103 3.7 (2.5–5.6) 90 4.9 (3.1–7.7) 6 1.3 (0.5–3.1) 7 1.5 (0.2–9.3)
 Dating (living separately) 1947 70.5 (65.7–74.9) 1324 72.6 (68.2–76.5) 334 70.8 (67.1–74.2) 289 62.0 (40.9–79.4)
 Single 66 24.1 (19.5–29.5) 379 20.8 (16.6–25.7) 125 26.5 (23.2–30.1) 162 34.8 (16.4–59.1)
Socio-economic variables
Worked past 12 months
N1 = 2754; N2 = 1823; N3 = 465; N4 = 466
Never worked 1607 58.4 (51.4–65.0) 985 54.0 (43.5–64.2) 279 60.0 (54.7–65.1) 343 73.6 (69.3–77.5) 8.6 < 0.001
Once in a while 262 9.5 (5.5–16.1) 242 13.3 (7.9–21.5) 12 2.6 (2.2–3.0) 8 1.7 (1.4–2.2)
Most months 263 9.6 (7.5–12.1) 215 11.8 (9.0–15.4) 33 7.1 (4.8–10.4) 15 3.2 (1.4–7.3)
Every month 585 21.2 (15.5–28.4) 360 19.8 (12.2–30.4) 133 28.6 (26.0–31.4) 92 19.7 (15.4–24.9)
Don’t know 25 0.9 (0.7–1.2) 14 0.8 (0.5–1.1) 5 1.1 (0.8–1.5) 6 1.3 (1.0–1.7)
Prefer not to answer 12 0.4 (0.2–0.9) 7 0.4 (0.1–1.2) 3 0.6 2 0.4 (0.1–2.7
Food insecurity
Low 2263 81.6 (75.5–86.5) 1488 81.2 (72.0–88.9) 381 80.7 (72.0–87.9) 394 84.4 (70.9–92.3) 0.9 0.41
Medium 359 13.0 (9.0–18.2) 255 13.9 (8.5–21.9) 54 11.4 (9.6–13.6) 50 10.7 (4.5–23.5)
High 53 1.9 (1.1–3.2) 31 1.7 (0.7–3.9) 17 3.6 (2.7–4.8) 5 1.1 (0.5–2.1)
Prefer not to answer 97 3.5 (2.9–4.2) 59 3.2 (2.6–4.0) 20 4.2 (3.0–6.0) 18 3.9 (2.6–5.7)
Household income
N1 = 2765; N2 = 1823; N3 = 465; N4 = 466
R0–999 1947 70.4 (61.2–78.2) 1181 64.5 (52.6–74.9) 397 84.7 (80.8–87.9) 369 79.2 (75.1–82.7) 12.9 < 0.001
R1000–4999 418 15.1 (9.9–22.4) 357 19.5 (12.8–28.6) 38 8.1 (7.3–9.0) 23 4.9 (2.2–10.8)
R5000+ 118 4.3 (2.1–8.5) 113 6.2 (3.1–12.0) 3 0.6 (0.2–1.9) 2 0.4 (0.1–2.1)
Don’t know 179 6.5 (5.0–8.4) 110 6.0 (4.3–8.3) 14 3.0 (2.1–4.2) 55 11.8 (8.9–15.4)
Prefer not to answer 103 3.7 (2.7–5.1) 69 3.8 (2.5–5.8) 17 3.6 (2.2–5.8) 17 3.6 (2.3–5.8)
Received child grant
N1 = 2767; N2 = 1830; N3 = 470; N4 = 467
No 923 33.4 (26.1–41.5) 699 38.2 (29.0–48.3) 103 21.9 (19.9–24.1) 121 25.9 (18.9–34.4) 5.4 < 0.01
Yes 1752 63.3 (55.1–70.8) 1067 58.3 (48.1–67.8) 362 77.0 (75.3–78.6) 323 69.2 (64.0–73.9)
Don’t know 85 3.1 (2.1–4.5) 58 3.2 (2.0–5.0) 5 1.1 (0.4–2.6) 22 4.7 (2.1–10.2)
Prefer not to answer 7 0.3 (0.1–0.7) 6 0.3 (0.1–1.0) 0 0 1 0.2 (0.0–1.4)
Received disability grant
N1 = 2706; N2 = 1793; N3 = 468; N4 = 445
No 2419 89.4 (86.4–91.8) 1634 91.1 (88.0–93.5) 397 84.8 (77.0–90.3) 388 87.2 (84.7–89.4) 4.0 0.04
Yes 287 10.6 (8.2–13.6) 159 8.9 (6.5–12.0) 71 15.2 (9.7–23.0) 57 12.8 (10.6–15.3)
Received social grant
N1 = 2767; N2 = 1829; N3 = 472; N4 = 466
No 1511 54.6 (50.4–58.7) 1043 57.0 (51.1–62.8) 240 50.9 (44.6–57.1) 228 48.9 (40.7–57.2) 2.0 0.14
Yes 1148 41.5 (38.2–44.8) 707 38.7 (33.9–43.7) 227 48.1 (41.5–54.8) 214 45.9 (43.2–48.6)
Don’t know 104 3.8 (2.3–6.1) 76 4.2 (2.5–6.8) 4 0.8 (0.3–2.1) 24 5.2 (1.3–17.8)
Prefer not to answer 4 0.1 (0.0–0.6) 3 0.2 (0.0–0.9) 1 0.2 (0.0–1.5) 0 0
Sexual experience and other related factors
Age at sexual debut 
N1 = 2,206; N2 = 1626; N3 = 323; N4 = 257
≤ 14 years  149 6.8 (4.9–9.2) 121 7.4 (5.6–9.8) 7 2.2 (1.3–3.7) 21 8.2 (1.7–31.1) 0.8 0.44
15–17 years  1009 45.7 (40.3–51.2) 702 43.2 (37.5–49.1) 177 54.8 (47.1–62.3) 130 50.6 (29.8–71.2)
≥ 18 years  987 44.7 (39.4–50.2) 746 45.9 (40.8–51.1) 136 42.1 (34.9–49.7) 105 40.9 (14.7–73.5)
Don’t know 42 1.9 (1.0–3.8) 40 2.5 (1.3–4.7) 2 0.6 (0.1–6.0) 0 0
Prefer not to answer 19 0.9 (0.4–1.7) 17 1.0 (0.5–2.1) 1 0.3 (0.0–2.3) 1 0.4 (0.1–1.4)
First sex experience
N1 = 2206; N2 = 1624; N3 = 324; N4 = 258
Wanted  1766 80.1 (75.4–84.0) 1332 82.0 (76.3–86.6) 235 72.5 (58.3–83.3) 199 77.1 (67.7–84.4) 1.5 0.23
Persuaded 388 17.6 (13.6–22.5) 258 15.9 (11.1–22.2) 79 24.4 (14.7–37.7) 51 19.8 (13.9–27.4)
Raped  39 1.8 (1.2–2.5) 28 1.7 (1.2–2.6) 6 1.9 (0.6–5.6) 5 1.9 (0.7–5.3)
Don’t know 3 0.1 (0.0–0.5) 2 0.1 (0.0–0.5) 0 0 1 0.4 (0.0–5.5)
Prefer not to answer 10 0.5 (0.2–0.9) 4 0.2 (0.1–0.8) 4 1.2 (0.4–3.5) 2 0.8 (0.2–2.7)
Lifetime sexual partners
N1 = 2201; N2 = 1622; N3 = 322; N4 = 257
One partner 469 21.3 (17.5–25.7) 295 18.2 (14.3–22.9) 90 28.0 (19.8–37.8) 84 32.7 (20.0–48.6) 4.6 < 0.01
Two–three partners 746 33.9 (29.4–38.7) 516 31.8 (26.7–37.5) 133 41.3 (34.7–48.3) 97 37.7 (35.3–40.3)
Four or more partners 843 38.3 (33.2–43.6) 685 42.2 (36.7–48.0) 87 27.0 (18.2–38.1) 71 27.6 (17.9–40.0)
Don’t know 113 5.1 (3.1–8.4) 101 6.2 (3.8–10.0) 10 3.1 (1.1–8.3) 2 0.8 (0.2–2.9)
Prefer not to answer 30 1.4 (0.7–2.6) 25 1.5 (0.8–3.1) 2 0.6 (0.2–2.2) 3 1.2 (0.4–3.1)
Sex with main partner 
N1 = 2182; N2 = 1614; N3 = 318; N4 = 250
No  242 11.1 (6.9–17.3) 204 12.6 (7.6–20.4) 17 5.3 (3.6–7.8) 21 8.4 (5.8–12.0) 2.4 0.10
Yes 1905 87.3 (81.6–91.4) 1381 85.6 (78.6–90.5) 299 94.0 (91.9–95.6) 225 90.0 (85.1–93.4)
Prefer not to answer 35 1.6 (1.0–2.5) 29 1.8 (1.2–2.7) 2 0.6 (0.2–2.1) 4 1.6 (0.2–14.8)
Sex with additional partner 
N1 = 2179; N2 = 1613; N3 = 317; N4 = 249
No  1434 65.8 (60.3–71.0) 1016 63.0 (55.7–69.8) 230 72.6 (65.5–78.7) 188 75.5 (68.6–81.3) 3.5 0.02
Yes 729 33.5 (28.2–39.1) 585 36.3 (29.4–43.8) 85 26.8 (21.2–33.3) 59 23.7 (17.6–31.1)
Prefer not to answer 16 0.7 (0.4–1.3) 12 0.7 (0.4–1.4) 2 0.6 (0.1–4.5) 2 0.8 (0.2–2.8)
On contraceptives
N1 = 1690; N2 = 987; N3 = 379; N4 = 324
No  974 57.6 (50.9–64.1) 494 50.1 (41.2–58.9) 240 63.3 (57.2–69.0) 240 74.1 (53.0–87.9) 4.4 0.03
Yes 709 42.0 (35.7–48.5) 489 49.5 (41.0–58.1) 137 36.2 (31.0–41.6) 83 25.6 (12.2–46.1)
Prefer not to answer 7 0.4 (0.2–0.9) 4 0.4 (0.1–1.2) 2 0.5 (0.2–1.8) 1 0.3 (0.0–2.1)

The p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant is given in bold

p-values derived using Person Chi-squared test considered the one stage cluster design

Proportions (%) for the columns reported as n/N (except if data is missing - denominator added in the n column) and the associated 95% CI

CI Confidence interval