Table 3.

Heavy metal concentrations in blood and urine stratified by smoking status, alcohol consumption, occupation smelter exposure, local rice consumption, and residential proximity to smelter

Heavy metal		Smoking status		Alcohol consumption		Occupation smelter exposure		Local rice consumption		Residential proximity to smelter
		Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	< 2.0 km	≥ 2.0 km
Blood Pb (µg/dL)	GM (GSD)	2.24 (1.50)	1.80 (1.65)	1.80 (1.65)	1.91 (1.72)	2.07 (1.58)	1.88 (1.78)	1.80 (1.65)	2.03 (1.73)	2.10 (1.49)	1.87 (1.82)
	P-value	0.378		0.527		0.601		0.527		0.547
Blood Cd (µg/L)	GM (GSD)	2.08 (1.35)	2.98 (1.76)	2.98 (1.76)	3.19 (1.60)	2.52 (1.55)	2.79 (1.84)	2.98 (1.76)	2.54 (1.71)	3.06 (1.64)	2.49 (1.76)
	P-value	0.109		0.411		0.595		0.411		0.279
Urinary Cd (µg/g cr)	GM (GSD)	2.83 (1.88)	5.32 (1.76)	5.32 (1.76)	4.91 (1.66)	3.58 (2.00)	3.84 (1.85)	5.32 (1.76)	3.13 (1.83)	5.49 (1.58)	3.01 (1.87)
	P-value	0.134		0.017		0.758		0.017		0.005
Urinary Total As (µg/L)	GM(GSD)	318.3 (2.43)	150.7 (2.18)	150.7 (2.18)	135.9 (2.38)	150.5 (3.92)	175.7 (2.28)	150.7 (2.18)	174.5 (3.25)	239.9 (2.19)	135.6 (3.09)
	P-value	0.029		0.689		0.669		0.689		0.114
iAs + MMA (µg/L)	GM (GSD)	1.71 (6.15)	1.88 (5.21)	1.88 (5.21)	1.04 (5.74)	0.65 (6.70)	1.31 (5.21)	1.88 (5.21)	0.72 (5.79)	0.96 (6.69)	1.03 (5.59)
	P-value	0.301		0.112		0.238		0.112		0.907

Mean arithmetic mean, SD standard deviation, GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation

Numbers in bold indicate significant differences (P < 0.05)