. 2025 Jul 8;41(5):523–532. doi: 10.1007/s43188-025-00300-4

Table 5.

Kidney function indices stratified by urinary cadmium levels

Variable		< 5 μg/g cr (N = 26)	≥ 5 μg/g cr (N = 11)	Total (N = 37)	Reference value
NAG (U/g cr)	Mean ± SD	9.20 ± 6.75	9.67 ± 3.70	9.34 ± 5.95	< 11.5
NAG (U/g cr)	Αbnormal (%)	4 (15.4%)	2 (18.2%)	6 (16.2%)	< 11.5
β2-MG (mg/g cr)	Mean ± SD	0.43 ± 1.30	1.16 ± 3.18	0.79 ± 2.29	< 0.3
β2-MG (mg/g cr)	Αbnormal (%)	5 (19.2%)	4 (36.4%)	11 (29.7%)	< 0.3
Egfr (mL/min)	Mean ± SD	71.5 ± 22.7	70.5 ± 22.0	81.1 ± 21.2	< 60
Egfr (mL/min)	Αbnormal (%)	8 (30.7%)	4 (36.4%)	12 (32.3%)	< 60

Mean arithmetic mean, SD standard deviation, NAG N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β2-MG β2-microglobulin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, cr creatinine

Abnormal: ≥ Reference value