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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1639101. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1639101

Table 6.

Predictive performance of various machine-learning models for PNC.

Models Training set Test set
R2 RMSE% MAE% R2 RMSE% MAE%
RF 0.98 0.06 0.04 0.97 0.08 0.06
GBDT 0.81 0.22 0.18 0.80 0.20 0.16
XGB 0.85 0.19 0.16 0.84 0.18 0.15
SVR 0.78 0.23 0.20 0.75 0.23 0.20
KRR 0.91 0.15 0.11 0.84 0.18 0.15
GPR 0.97 0.08 0.06 0.92 0.13 0.10