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. 2025 Aug 12;12:1506912. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1506912

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© 2025 Xu, Huang, Li, Zhang, Li, Liu, Ma, Du and Lyu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot comparing experimental and control groups from four studies. Each study is represented with mean differences and confidence intervals. The overall effect size is 1.43 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.38 to 2.48. The plot indicates heterogeneity with Chi-squared equals 1.05, degrees of freedom equal 2, P equals 0.59, and I-squared is 0%. Test for overall effect shows Z equals 2.67, P equals 0.008. Green squares represent individual studies, and a diamond indicates the overall effect. — Forest plot comparing WC in TC and all controls.