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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1654159. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1654159

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Copyright © 2025 Zhou, Yan, Guo, He and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Composite image showing vascular-related and FAZ-related eye parameters. (a) En face, depicting initial vascular structure. (b) Vessel map, displaying highlighted white vessels. (c) Bifurcation, showing red points where vessels split. (d) Fractal dimension, with a grid overlay analyzing complexity. (e) FAZ area, the central red-highlighted zone. (f) Axis ratio, illustrating a shape with major and minor axes labeled. — The overview of vascular and FAZ-related parameters. (A) En face OCTA image of the retina. (B) Binarized vessel map. (C) Vascular Bifurcation Number (VBN) extracted from the vascular network. (D) Vascular Fractal Dimension (VFD) calculated by grid-based box-counting method. (E) The defined FAZ area (FA). (F) FAZ Axis Diameter Ratio (FR) computed based on the major and minor diameters of the fitted ellipse.