Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Variables | All participants (n = 104) |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.7 ± 8.7 |
| Height (cm) | 160.8 ± 9.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 58.6 ± 11.6 |
| BMI | 22.5 ± 3.3 |
| Sex (men/women) | 67/37 |
| Smoking history (Yes/no) | 73/31 |
| Stages of lung cancer (1A/1B/2A/2B/3A/3B/4A/4B) | 64/21/4/3/8/1/2/1 |
| Spirometry (normal/FEV1.0% < 70/FVC < 80/FEV1.0% < 70 and FVC < 80) | 59/34/9/2 |
| % DLco | 72.8 ± 17.3 |
| Preoperative chemotherapy (yes/no) | 20/84 |
| Frailtya (yes/no) | 5/99 |
| Comorbidity | |
| Interstitial pneumonia | 26/78 |
| COPD/asthma | 8/96 |
| Hypertension | 43/61 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16/88 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18/86 |
| Preoperative brain metastases | 6/98 |
| Malignant tumor, cancer | 35/69 |
| Musculoskeletal disease | 10/94 |
| Operative time (min) | 138.1 ± 56.6 |
| Operating methods | |
| Lobectomy | 57 |
| Segmentectomy | 32 |
| Wedge resection | 15 |
| Others | 0 |
| Laterality and lobe (right/left) | |
| Right upper lobe | 29 |
| Right middle lobe | 9 |
| Right lower lobe | 20 |
| Left upper lobe | 25 |
| Left lower lobe | 21 |
| PCA (PCEA/iv-PCA/none) | 85/17/2 |
| Pain at initiating walking training (numerical rating scale) | 4.1 ± 3.1 |
| Using Sivelestat sodium hydrate (yes/no) | 25/79 |
| Using home oxygen therapy (yes/no) | 1/103 |
| Postoperative drainage (day) | 4.0 ± 2.4 |
| Hospitalization (from operation to enter the hospital) | 8.2 ± 3.3 |
| Complications (yes/no) | 18/86 |
| Pulmonary fistula, prolonged air leaks | 12 |
| Atelecthasis | 1 |
| Pneumonia | 2 |
| Bowel obstruction | 1 |
| Tachycardia, atrial fibrillation | 2 |
| Walking distance at day 1 (m) | 100.2 ± 75.3 |
Mean ± SD
DLco diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide, PCA patient-controlled analgesia
aA handgrip strength of less than 26 kg for men and less than 18 kg for women as well as a walking speed of less than 1.0 m/s