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. 2025 Jul 16;5(1):ycaf119. doi: 10.1093/ismeco/ycaf119

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Changes in the number of species per ecological category over time. The term "intercept responders" captures differences in the baseline numbers of species at the start of treatment between responders and non-responders. The term "slope" represents the overall trajectory of change in species numbers over time. The term "slope responders" indicates whether the rate of change over time differed between responders and non-responders. Average trajectories and individual patient trajectories are shown. Note the different scaling of the y-axis per category. The model contained a random intercept per patient to account for within-patient correlation due to repeated measurements. Time was modelled with a spline. Statistical significance was assessed using Wald tests. The levels of significance are reported above each plot and are indicated by asterisks (^*** = P < .01; ^** = P < .01; ^* = P < .05; NS = not significant).