Table 2.
Symptoms of depression among adolescents in Bermuda as assessed by PHQ-8
| Variable | Age | Gender | Race | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (N = 2488) |
Younger adolescents (N = 1590) |
Older adolescents (N = 879) |
Female (N = 1290) |
Male (N = 1151) |
Black (N = 1087) |
White (N = 666) |
Minority (N = 727) |
|
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) | ||||||||
| Mean score (± SD) | 7.06 ± 5.79 | 6.54 ± 5.44 | 7.98 ± 6.25 | 8.24 ± 5.91 | 5.48 ± 5.06 | 7.24 ± 5.86 | 5.88 ± 5.40 | 7.85 ± 5.89 |
| Depression severity, n (%) | ||||||||
| None - Minimal | 1045 (38.5) | 715 (41.9) | 321 (33.3) | 423 (30.7) | 613 (48.3) | 440 (36.6) | 346 (49.8) | 257 (32.3) |
| Mild | 664 (24.4) | 426 (24.9) | 236 (24.5) | 353 (25.7) | 307 (24.2) | 282 (23.4) | 176 (25.3) | 204 (25.7) |
| Moderate | 461 (17.0) | 287 (16.8) | 170 (17.6) | 300 (21.8) | 151 (11.9) | 230 (19.1) | 80 (11.5) | 148 (18.6) |
| Moderately severe | 235 (8.7) | 131 (7.7) | 102 (10.6) | 160 (11.6) | 62 (4.9) | 95 (7.9) | 51 (7.3) | 88 (11.1) |
| Severe | 83 (3.1) | 31 (1.8) | 50 (5.2) | 54 (3.9) | 18 (1.4) | 40 (3.3) | 13 (1.9) | 30 (3.8) |
| Missing | 228 (8.4) | 118 (6.9) | 85 (8.8) | 86 (6.3) | 118 (9.3) | 116 (9.6) | 29 (4.2) | 68 (8.6) |
| Presence depressive symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||
| Moderate to severe | 779 (31.3) | 449 (28.2) | 322 (36.6) | 514 (39.8) | 231 (20.1) | 365 (33.6) | 144 (21.6) | 266 (36.6) |
| Moderate to severe symptoms with impairment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Any impairment | 562 (22.6) | 315 (19.9) | 242 (27.5) | 375 (29.1) | 157 (13.6) | 274 (25.2) | 105 (15.8) | 181 (24.9) |
| Impairment in daily activities | 371 (14.9) | 194 (12.2) | 175 (19.9) | 249 (19.3) | 100 (8.7) | 180 (16.6) | 75 (11.3) | 116 (16.0) |
| Impairment in school or work | 430 (17.3) | 228 (14.3) | 198 (22.5) | 291 (22.6) | 113 (9.8) | 201 (18.5) | 81 (12.2) | 147 (20.2) |
| Impairment in relationships with peers | 206 (8.3) | 115 (7.2) | 89 (10.1) | 137 (10.6) | 56 (4.9) | 113 (10.4) | 31 (4.7) | 61 (8.4) |
PHQ-8 Depression severity according to total score: None: 0–4, Mild: 5–9, Moderate: 10–14: Moderately-severe: 15–19, Severe: 20–24
Younger adolescents: 10–14 year olds; Older adolescents: 15–18 year olds
Impairment was considered present when participants reported that their symptoms ‘often’ or ‘always’ interfered with their functioning
Statistically significant effects are shown in bold
Older adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe depression symptoms, with and without any impairment, compared to younger adolescents (p < 0.001)
Female adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe depression symptoms, with and without any impairment, compared to male adolescents (p < 0.001)
Black and Minority adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe depression symptoms, with and without any impairment, compared to White adolescents at (p < 0.001)