Table 3.
Symptoms of anxiety among adolescents in Bermuda as assessed by GAD-7
| Variable | Age | Gender | Race | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (N = 2502) |
Younger adolescents (N = 1599) |
Older adolescents (N = 882) |
Female (N = 1297) |
Male (N = 1157) |
Black (N = 1095) |
White (N = 672) |
Minority (N = 726) |
|
| Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) | ||||||||
| Mean score (± SD) | 6.17 ± 5.62 | 5.87 ± 5.40 | 6.72 ± 5.98 | 7.56 ± 5.82 | 4.41 ± 4.72 | 6.20 ± 5.58 | 5.45 ± 5.31 | 6.80 ± 5.91 |
| Anxiety severity, n (%) | ||||||||
| None - Minimal | 1201 (44.2) | 794 (46.5) | 395 (41.0) | 480 (34.9) | 710 (55.9) | 510 (42.4) | 365 (52.5) | 321 (40.4) |
| Mild | 670 (24.7) | 440 (25.8) | 227 (23.5) | 388 (28.2) | 273 (21.5) | 314 (26.1) | 161 (23.2) | 194 (24.4) |
| Moderate | 355 (13.1) | 211 (12.4) | 142 (14.7) | 224 (16.3) | 119 (9.4) | 150 (12.5) | 93 (13.4) | 110 (13.8) |
| Severe | 276 (10.2) | 154 (9.0) | 118 (12.2) | 205 (14.9) | 55 (4.3) | 121 (10.1) | 53 (7.6) | 101 (12.7) |
| Missing | 214 (7.9) | 109 (6.4) | 82 (8.5) | 79 (5.7) | 112 (8.8) | 108 (9) | 23 (3.3) | 69 (8.7) |
| Presence anxiety symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||
| Moderate to severe | 631 (25.2) | 365 (22.8) | 260 (29.5) | 429 (33.1) | 174 (15.0) | 271 (24.7) | 146 (21.7) | 211 (29.1) |
| Moderate to severe symptoms with impairment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Any impairment | 477 (19.1) | 271 (16.9) | 202 (22.9) | 324 (25) | 126 (10.9) | 210 (19.2) | 109 (16.2) | 157 (21.6) |
| Impairment in daily activities | 325 (13) | 171 (10.7) | 152 (17.2) | 220 (17) | 84 (7.3) | 150 (13.7) | 76 (11.3) | 99 (13.6) |
| Impairment in school or work | 371 (14.9) | 199 (12.4) | 168 (19.0) | 261 (20.1) | 87 (7.5) | 155 (14.2) | 84 (12.5) | 131 (18) |
| Impairment in relationships with peers | 180 (7.2) | 102 (6.4) | 77 (8.7) | 121 (9.3) | 47 (4.1) | 88 (8) | 38 (5.7) | 54 (7.4) |
GAD-7 Anxiety severity according to total score: None: 0–4, Mild: 5–9, Moderate: 10–14, Severe: 15–21
Impairment was considered present when participants reported that their symptoms ‘often’ or ‘always’ interfered with their functioning
Younger adolescents: 10–14 year olds; Older adolescents: 15–18 year olds
Statistically significant effects are shown in bold
Older adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, with and without any impairment, compared to younger adolescents (p < 0.001)
Female adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, with and without any impairment, compared to male adolescents (p < 0.001)
Minority adolescents reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe depression symptoms, with any impairment (p < 0.05) and without impairment (p < 0.001), compared to White adolescents