Table 4.
The rate of comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety among adolescents in Bermuda
| Variable | Age | Gender | Race | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (N = 767) |
Younger adolescents (N = 441) |
Older adolescents (N = 318) |
Female (N = 507) |
Male (N = 226) |
Black (N = 358) |
White (N = 143) |
Minority (N = 262) |
|
| Anxiety symptom severity among those experiencing moderate to severe depression symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||
| None | 62 (8.1) | 31 (7.0) | 31 (9.7) | 25 (4.9) | 35 (15.5) | 28 (7.8) | 11 (7.7) | 23 (8.8) |
| Mild | 202 (26.3) | 123 (27.9) | 77 (24.2) | 129 (25.4) | 67 (29.6) | 104 (29.1) | 36 (25.2) | 61 (23.3) |
| Moderate | 257 (33.5) | 149 (33.8) | 106 (33.3) | 172 (33.9) | 75 (33.2) | 119 (33.2) | 53 (37.1) | 83 (31.7) |
| Severe | 246 (32.1) | 138 (31.3) | 104 (32.7) | 181 (35.7) | 49 (21.7) | 107 (29.9) | 43 (30.1) | 95 (36.3) |
| Presence anxiety symptoms, n (%) | ||||||||
| Moderate to severe | 503 (65.6) | 287 (65.1) | 210 (66.0) | 353 (69.6) | 124 (54.9) | 226 (63.1) | 96 (67.1) | 178 (67.9) |
| Moderate to severe anxiety and depression symptoms with impairment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Any impairment | 414 (82.3) | 230 (80.1) | 180 (85.7) | 286 (81.0) | 102 (82.3) | 190 (84.1) | 79 (82.3) | 144 (80.9) |
| Impairment in daily activities | 290 (57.7) | 153 (53.3) | 135 (64.3) | 196 (55.5) | 74 (59.7) | 136 (60.2) | 60 (62.5) | 94 (52.8) |
| Impairment in school or work | 328 (65.2) | 170 (59.2) | 154 (73.3) | 233 (66.0) | 72 (58.1) | 142 (62.8) | 63 (65.6) | 122 (68.5) |
| Impairment in relationships with peers | 154 (30.6) | 84 (29.3) | 69 (32.9) | 107 (30.3) | 35 (28.2) | 80 (35.4) | 25 (26.0) | 49 (27.5) |
All students who reported mild, moderate or severe symptoms of depression on the PHQ-8 were included
Impairment was considered present when participants reported that their symptoms ‘often’ or ‘always’ interfered with their functioning
Younger adolescents: 10–14 year olds; Older adolescents: 15–18 year olds
Statistically significant effects are shown in bold
Males reported significantly lower comorbid moderate to severe symptoms than Females at p < 0.001