Table 3.
Univariable and multivariable analyses of factors affecting hospital mortality
| Variables | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | p value | Odds ratio | p value | |
| Age, years | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.061 | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.005 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 1.04 (0.45–2.36) | 0.933 | 0.46 (0.10–2.13) | 0.321 |
| Location | ||||
| Right | 1 | 1 | ||
| Left | 0.83 (0.40–1.74) | 0.627 | 0.82 (0.21–3.26) | 0.779 |
| Bilateral | 8.08 × 109 | > 0.999 | 4.64 × 1010 | > 0.999 |
| Phase | ||||
| II | 1 | 1 | ||
| III | 1.75 (0.81–3.79) | 0.156 | 1.21 (0.24–6.14) | 0.818 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Malignancy | 1.92 (0.91–4.06) | 0.086 | 1.72 (0.61–4.84) | 0.478 |
| DM | 1.95 (0.95–4.01) | 0.068 | 1.63 (0.42–6.24) | 0.544 |
| HTN | 1.44 (0.68–3.04) | 0.345 | 1.46 (0.36–6.93) | 0.602 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 2.02 (0.68–6.00) | 0.207 | 6.14 (1.04–36.40) | 0.046 |
| ESRD | 6.77 (2.77–16.53) | < 0.001 | 5.36 (1.24–23.14) | 0.025 |
| CHF | 1.27 (0.40–4.01) | 0.69 | 1.02 (0.15–7.12) | 0.981 |
| COPD | 0.73 (0.30–1.77) | 0.486 | 0.05 (0.01–0.52) | 0.012 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| WBC, mean ± SD (103/μL) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.253 | 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | 0.549 |
| ANC, mean ± SD (103/μL) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.353 | 0.81 (0.46–1.40) | 0.445 |
| Pleural data | ||||
| Pleural pH (≦ 7.2) | 2.59 (1.10–6.10) | 0.029 | 3.73 (0.86–16.10) | 0.079 |
| Pleural glucose (≦ 40 mg/dL) | 1.26 (0.60–2.65) | 0.547 | 1.55 (0.30–1.20) | 0.605 |
| Pleural LDH (≧ 1000 IU/L) | 1.13 (0.48–2.69) | 0.779 | 0.18 (0.03–1.20) | 0.076 |
| Positive culture | ||||
| Pleural effusion | 1.33 (0.55–3.24) | 0.527 | 0.79 (0.13–4.71) | 0.799 |
| Tissue | 1.39 (0.66–2.90) | 0.387 | 2.64 (0.68–10.33) | 0.163 |
| Respiratory secretion | 2.97 (1.43–6.15) | 0.003 | 0.11 (0.01–0.88) | 0.037 |
| Culture concordance rate | 4.75 (2.04–11.07) | < 0.001 | 56.79 (5.29–609.82) | 0.001 |
| Chest tube drainage duration | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 0.003 | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.286 |
| Length of ICU admission | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | 0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.555 |
DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; ERDS: end-stage renal disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; WBC: white blood cell; ANC: absolute neutrophil count; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ICU: intensive care unit