Table 3.

Estimated Slopes, With Standard Errors in Parentheses, Reported From GEE Models Indicating Change in Outcomes Occurring at Each 24-Week Interval

Models	PRS Total Estimate (SE)	p	Early Reading Estimate (SE)	p	Early Writing Estimate (SE)	p
Expressive language
Time (baseline, 24 wk, and 48 wk)	11.5 (1.9)	<0.0001	10.7 (2.0)	<0.0001	12.2 (2.2)	<0.0001
Expressive language standard score	0.39 (0.14)	0.006	0.49 (0.15)	0.0008	0.28 (0.17)	0.10
Executive function—Shift domain	−0.43 (0.24)	0.069	−0.16 (0.25)	0.53	−0.71 (0.27)	0.009
Annual household income <$40,000	−11.7 (8.0)	0.15	−15.8 (8.7)	0.07	−6.75 (8.1)	0.41
Receptive language
Time (baseline, 24 wk, 48 wk)	13.0 (1.9)	<0.0001	11.2 (2.0)	<0.0001	14.6 (2.2)	<0.0001
Receptive language standard score	0.16 (0.16)	0.33	0.43 (0.17)	0.011	−0.11 (0.19)	0.54
Executive function—Shift domain	−0.54 (0.27)	0.049	−0.15 (0.30)	0.62	−0.93 (0.30)	0.002
Annual household income < $40,000	−15.4 (7.6)	0.042	−19.0 (8.4)	0.024	−10.9 (7.4)	0.14
Receptive-expressive language gap
Time (baseline, 24 wk, 48 wk)	13.4 (1.6)	<0.0001	12.7 (1.6)	<0.0001	13.8 (1.9)	<0.0001
Receptive—expressive difference	−0.30 (0.17)	0.07	−0.22 (0.17)	0.20	−0.39 (0.18)	0.034
Executive function—Shift domain	−0.66 (0.25)	0.009	−0.42 (0.30)	0.16	−0.92 (0.28)	0.0009
Annual household income <$40,000	−14.8 (6.9)	0.034	−20.7 (8.0)	0.009	−7.9 (6.8)	0.24

PRS, Preliteracy Rating Scale.