Table 2.
The evaluate index of proposed method compared with the reference methods
| Methods | RMSE (μg/m3) | MAE (μg/m3) | MAPE (%) | R2 (%) | Author/Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSTM | - | 5.78 | - | 89.00 | Gokul et al./ 2023 [30] |
| CNN-LSTM | 19.09 | - | - | 92.90 | Yang et al./ 2021 [31] |
| CNN-LSTM | 7.75 | 11.77 | - | - | Suriya et al./ 2023 [32] |
| Lag-FLSTM | 3.48 | 1.85 | 25.63 | - | Ma et al./ 2020 [33] |
| IDW-BILSTM | 8.24 | 4.80 | 9.01 | - | Ma et al./ 2019 [34] |
| EMD-SE-BILSTM | 2.77 | 1.88 | - | 98.70 | Jin et al./ 2020 [35] |
| MI-RI-BILSTM | 12.16 | 8.51 | - | - | Narkhede and Hiwale/ 2023 [36] |
| 1D-CNN-BILSTM | 3.88 | 2.52 | - | 94.00 | Zhu and Xie/ 2023 [13] |
| this paper | 2.54 | 1.72 | 11.72 | 98.81 |
Abbreviation: RMSE: Root mean square error. MAE: Mean absolute error. MAPE: Mean absolute percentage error. R2 : Coefficient of determination