Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes
| Ropivacaine group (n = 14) | Control group (n = 14) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine administered until 48 h postop (mcg/kg) | 0.0 [0.0–642.2] | 240.1 [15.1–759.0] | 0.068 |
| Morphine administered 0–24 h postop (mcg/kg) | 0.0 [0.0–375.0] | 162.3 [15.0–405.5] | 0.067 |
| Morphine administered 24–48 h postop (mcg/kg) | 0.0 [0.0–267.3] | 80.5 [0.0–353.0] | 0.404 |
| Morphine administered 48–72 h postop (mcg/kg) | 0.0 [0.0–215.2] | 0.0 [0.0–252.0] | 0.760 |
| Duration of wound catheter infusion (hours)a | 72.0 [69.0–73.0] | 71.0 [47.0–73.0] | 0.389 |
| Number of pts needing morphine until 48 h postop | 6 (42.9) | 13 (92.9) | 0.013* |
| Number of pts administered NSAIDs postoperatively (as standard analgesic) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (21.4) | 1.00 |
| Number of pts needing extra analgesics or sedatives | 0 | 4 (28.6)b | 0.098 |
| Clonidine | 0 | 2 | |
| Esketamine | 0 | 1 | |
| Midazolam | 0 | 2 | |
| Time until extubation postoperatively (min)a | 22 [16–841] | 20 [11–46] | 0.806 |
| Time until discharge from the PICU (h) | 44.1c [21.9–73.6] | 48.1d [35.9–84.3] | 0.673 |
| Time to first feeding (h) | 57.7 [8.1–86.1] | 58.3 [4.2–86.1] | 0.890 |
| AUC COMFORT-B scores, 0–24 h | 12.1 [11.5–13.8] | 13.3 [11.9–14.4] | 0.329 |
| Percentage of COMFORT-B ≥17, 0–24 h | 13.4 [0.0–23.8] | 14.4 [7.1–41.9] | 0.306 |
| AUC NRS pain, 0–24 h | 1.0 [0.1–2.3] | 1.5 [0.6–2.9] | 0.454 |
| Percentage of NRS pain ≥4, 0–24 h | 12.4 [0.0–25.7] | 7.4 [0.0–50.0] | 0.734 |
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical values and as median [interquartile range] for continuous values
AUC area under the curve, h hours, min minutes, NRS numeric rating scale, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PICU pediatric intensive care unit, postop postoperatively, *P < 0.05, statistically significant
aTwo patients (n = 1 in ropivacaine group and n = 1 in control group) with accidental dislocation of the wound catheter directly postoperatively. Both patients were extubated at the time of catheter dislocation
bOne patient needed both esketamine and clonidine postoperatively
cn = 8 patients admitted to the PICU
dn = 9 patients admitted to the PICU