Table 4.

Epidemiological studies on chemically-induced PCOS in humans

S No	Chemical name	Biological material	Findings	References
1	Phthalic acid esters (PEAs), BPA, octylphenol (OP)	Serum	PEA and BPA showed no significant differences in PCOS patients and the control group. However, OP caused insulin resistance in the PCOS group.	[79]
2	BPA	Serum	Significantly higher level (1.2 ng/mL) in serum of PCOS women than nonhyperandrogenic peers.	[80]
3	Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluor- ooctane sulfonate (PFOS), monoben- zyl phthalate (mBzP)	Serum and urine	PCOS case patients have higher mean PFOA (4.1 μg/L) and PFOS (8.2 μg/L) in serum and lower urine mBzP (7.5 μg/g creatinine).	[81]
4	BPA	Serum	Serum BPA level (1.1 ng/mL) which was higher in adolescent PCOS girls than healthy girls. Ultrasound investigation reveals polycystic ovaries.	[82]
5	BPA	Urine	Higher concentration of BPA (3.34 ng/mL) in urine samples of PCOS women than the non-PCOS women.	[83]
6	BPA	Serum	Serum concentration was 0.202 ng/mL in PCOS women, which correlates positively with testosterone levels and free androgen index.	[84]
7	Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)	Follic-ular fluid	Women with PCOS have mean 1.68 ng/mL DEHP in follicular fluid than healthy ones.	[85]
8	Triclosan (TCS)	Urine	PCOS group had higher level of TCS 1.49 μg/g creatinine which positively correlated with LH and LH/FSH ratio.	[86]
9	Organic UV filter -octocrylene	Urine	Positively associated with PCOS in women.	[87]