Table 1.

Indications for commonly used β-blockers [2–8]

Agent	Generation/receptor selectivity	Indication	Off-label uses	References
Metoprolol	Second-generation cardioselective (β1)	Angina, HF, MI, atrial flutter/AF, and hypertension	Supraventricular tachycardia and thyroid storm	Morris et al. 2023 [2]
Bisoprolol	Second-generation cardioselective (β1)	HF with reduced ejection fraction, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension in many countries	–	Feng et al. 2023 [3] AlHabeeb et al. 2022 [4]
Nebivolol	Third-generation cardioselective (β1)	HF with reduced ejection fraction, ischemic heart disease, and hypertension in many countries	–	Ferri et al. 2021 [5] Olawi et al. 2019 [6] Cicero et al. 2018 [7]
Carvedilol	Third-generation nonselective β1 and β2	Chronic HF with reduced ejection fraction, hypertension, and left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction in clinically stable patients	Stable angina, AF, and ventricular arrhythmia	McTavish et al. 1993 [8]

AF atrial fibrillation, HF heart failure, MI myocardial infarction