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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1498141. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1498141

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Copyright © 2025 Zhou, Yu, Guo, Tang and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart of tumor cell culture using autologous body fluids versus traditional models. Patient-derived pleural/ascitic fluid or serum is used to culture tumor cells from fluid or resected tissue, reducing mesothelial cell overgrowth compared to fetal bovine serum-based methods. — Comparison of 3D-ACM and 3D-FBS culture. The culture medium used for autologous culture is usually derived from patient serum or body fluids such as hydrothorax and ascite, while the traditional method used FBS for culture.