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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1498141. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1498141

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Copyright © 2025 Zhou, Yu, Guo, Tang and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration showing the process of creating a humanized mouse. It involves extracting peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood from a human adult and infant respectively to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and hematopoietic stem cells. These cells are then injected into an immunodeficient mouse, converting it into a humanized mouse. The image includes labeled components and arrows indicating the procedure's flow. — Flow chart of humanized mouse construction. Establishment of a mouse model with a human immune system by introducing peripheral blood mononuclear cells or hematopoietic stem cells from umbilical cord blood into immunodeficient mice.