Table 2.

The association of loneliness in adolescence with anxiety and depression in young adulthood

Loneliness	Total	N (%)	Model I OR (95% CI)	Model II OR (95% CI)	Model III OR (95% CI)
Anxiety (HADS-A)
No	906	182 (20)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sometimes	325	111 (34.2)	2.0 (1.5–2.65)	1.54 (1.14–2.1)	1.51 (1.11–2.06)
Often	68	32 (47)	3.53 (2.13–5.86)	2.52 (1.47–4.34)	2.38 (1.37–4.13)
Very often	56	28 (50)	3.71 (2.13–6.47)	2.42 (1.32–4.45)	2.28 (1.23–4.23)
Depression (HADS-D)
No	905	63 (7)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sometimes	325	41 (12.6)	1.99 (1.31–3.04)	1.34 (0.84–2.14)	1.26 (0.78–2.01)
Often	68	15 (22)	4.18 (2.21–7.92)	2.45 (1.2–4.99)	2.08 (1.01–4.29)
Very often	57	12 (21)	3.61 (1.8–7.25)	1.45 (0.64–3.3)	1.25 (0.54–2.87)
Anxiety and Depression (HADS T)
No	911	48 (5.3)	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sometimes	329	37 (11.2)	2.24 (1.42–3.53)	1.5 (0.9–2.49)	1.43 (0.86–2.38)
Often	68	11 (16.2)	3.71 (1.81–7.59)	2.39 (1.08–5.26)	2.08 (0.93–4.64)
Very often	57	12 (21.1)	4.44 (2.18–9.05)	2.25 (0.99–5.12)	1.98 (0.86–4.56)

Note CI, confidence interval; HADS-T, Total Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale; OR, odds ratio

HADS-A scale ≥ 8

HADS-D scale ≥ 8

HADS-T scale ≥ 19

Model I adjusted for age, gender

Model II adjusted for age, gender, relationship with family, SES, school satisfaction, and self-esteem at baseline. Model III additionally adjusted for resilience as a continuous variable