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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1644697. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1644697

TABLE 1.

Evaluation of our approach versus leading methods on the PMC-15M and NIH ChestX-ray14 datasets.

Model PMC-15M dataset NIH ChestX-ray14 dataset
Accuracy Recall F1 score AUC Accuracy Recall F1 score AUC
DRAEM Gui et al. (2024) 83.24 ± 0.03 78.12 ± 0.02 79.45 ± 0.02 86.90 ± 0.03 88.03 ± 0.02 85.74 ± 0.02 84.31 ± 0.02 89.10 ± 0.02
PaDiM Murakami et al. (2024) 85.67 ± 0.02 81.45 ± 0.03 82.91 ± 0.02 88.76 ± 0.03 87.58 ± 0.03 86.01 ± 0.02 85.14 ± 0.02 87.92 ± 0.02
SPADE Lee et al. (2024) 81.90 ± 0.02 79.32 ± 0.02 77.15 ± 0.03 85.30 ± 0.02 85.04 ± 0.03 83.77 ± 0.01 81.39 ± 0.02 85.80 ± 0.03
AE-SSIM Sun et al. (2024) 82.45 ± 0.03 7,689 ± 0.02 79.87 ± 0.02 86.01 ± 0.02 84.62 ± 0.02 80.49 ± 0.03 82.75 ± 0.02 84.33 ± 0.03
WinCLIP Cao et al. (2024) 86.39 ± 0.02 83.70 ± 0.03 84.15 ± 0.02 89.55 ± 0.03 89.14 ± 0.02 87.91 ± 0.03 87.58 ± 0.02 90.62 ± 0.03
STPM Liang et al. (2025) 84.73 ± 0.02 80.38 ± 0.02 81.92 ± 0.02 87.45 ± 0.02 86.35 ± 0.03 84.76 ± 0.02 83.87 ± 0.03 87.01 ± 0.02
Ours 89.74 ± 0.02 86.95 ± 0.02 87.84 ± 0.03 92.61 ± 0.02 91.86 ± 0.02 89.33 ± 0.02 90.07 ± 0.03 93.15 ± 0.02