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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1605253. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1605253

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Copyright © 2025 Sun, Li and Xue.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Risk of bias summary chart for multiple studies. Each study is evaluated across seven categories: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias. Categories are marked as low, unclear, or high risk, represented by green, yellow, and red circles respectively. The bar chart on the right summarizes risk percentages for each category. — Assessment of risk of bias.