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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1605253. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1605253

Table 6.

GRADE evidence quality classification.

Certainty assessment № of patients Effect Certainty Importance
№ of studies Study design Risk of bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Other considerations TAICHI comparison Relative (95% CI) Absolute (95% CI)
FPG
13 randomized trials seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 641 630 SMD 0.53 lower
(0.88 lower to 0.18 lower)
⨁⨁⨁◯
Moderatea
CRITICAL
HbA1c
10 randomized trials not seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 479 463 MD 0.73 lower
(0.98 lower to 0.49 lower)
⨁⨁⨁⨁
Higha
CRITICAL
Fins
6 randomized trials seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 234 234 SMD 0.48 lower
(0.82 lower to 0.14 lower)
⨁⨁⨁◯
Moderatea
CRITICAL
Blood pressure
8 randomized trials seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 546 542 MD 3.8 lower
(7.3 lower to 0.29 lower)
⨁⨁⨁◯
Moderatea
IMPORTANT
Blood lipid
9 randomized trials seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 1683 1658 SMD 0.38 lower
(0.61 lower to 0.15 lower)
⨁⨁⨁◯
Moderatea
IMPORTANT
Inflammatory factor
6 randomized trials seriousa not serious not serious not serious none 372 364 SMD 1.38 lower
(1.87 lower to 0.88 lower)
⨁⨁⨁◯
Moderatea
IMPORTANT

CI, confidence interval; MD, mean difference; SMD, standardized mean difference; aThere was high heterogeneity in this study.