Table 4.
Odds ratios for infant health outcomes and PM2.5 exposure for infants with child health status or mortality reports in the HAPIN trial, with separate models for gestational and postnatal exposure*
| Weighted gestational exposure to PM2.5 | Postnatal exposure to PM2.5 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Parameter** | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p | n | AIC/QIC | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p | n | AIC/QIC |
| Death | Linear | 0.999 (0.996, 1.003) | 0.72 | 2728 | 583.0 | Not modeled*** | |||
| Log-linear | 1.05 (0.73, 1.51) | 0.81 | 583.1 | ||||||
| Quartile 2 | 2.75 (1.18, 6.44) | 0.019 | 579.6 | ||||||
| Quartile 3 | 1.35 (0.53, 3.45) | 0.53 | |||||||
| Quartile 4 | 1.99 (0.81, 4.87) | 0.13 | |||||||
| Acute ear infection in week prior | Linear | 1.002 (1.000, 1.004) | 0.048 | 10287 | 841.3 | 1.001 (0.999, 1.003) | 0.40 | 10944 | 951.4 |
| Log-linear | 1.36 (0.98, 1.89) | 0.066 | 840.9 | 1.07 (0.85, 1.36) | 0.55 | 951.3 | |||
| Quartile 2 | 1.71 (0.81, 3.62) | 0.16 | 845.0 | 1.75 (0.90, 3.43) | 0.10 | 952.8 | |||
| Quartile 3 | 1.76 (0.85, 3.67) | 0.13 | 1.53 (0.73, 3.19) | 0.26 | |||||
| Quartile 4 | 1.95 (0.94, 4.04) | 0.074 | 1.40 (0.69, 2.83) | 0.35 | |||||
| Diarrhea in week prior | Linear | 0.999 (0.998, 1.001) | 0.61 | 10292 | 3677.8 | 1.000 (0.999, 1.001) | 0.22 | 10950 | 3937.0 |
| Log-linear | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.60 | 3678.0 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.36 | 3937.8 | |||
| Quartile 2 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.63) | 0.23 | 3680.9 | 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) | 0.39 | 3941.0 | |||
| Quartile 3 | 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) | 0.26 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 0.94 | |||||
| Quartile 4 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 0.41 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.45) | 0.75 | |||||
| Diarrhea in 24 hours prior | Linear | 0.999 (0.997, 1.001) | 0.27 | 10292 | 1512.5 | 0.999 (0.998, 1.001) | 0.81 | 10950 | 1569.9 |
| Log-linear | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 0.54 | 1513.5 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.18) | 0.68 | 1570.0 | |||
| Quartile 2 | 1.18 (0.69, 1.99) | 0.55 | 1516.9 | 1.21 (0.66, 2.20) | 0.54 | 1571.7 | |||
| Quartile 3 | 1.27 (0.76, 2.11) | 0.36 | 0.84 (0.44, 1.61) | 0.61 | |||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.99 (0.56, 1.76) | 0.98 | 1.11 (0.59, 2.06) | 0.75 | |||||
| Cough in week prior | Linear | 1.000 (0.999, 1.001) | 0.97 | 10292 | 6501.9 | 1.000 (0.999, 1.001) | 0.73 | 10950 | 6864.6 |
| Log-linear | 1.07 (0.96, 1.18) | 0.21 | 6500.3 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.58 | 6864.7 | |||
| Quartile 2 | 1.38 (1.10, 1.72) | 0.0049 | 6489.9 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.79 | 6868.1 | |||
| Quartile 3 | 1.48 (1.18, 1.86) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.28) | 0.79 | |||||
| Quartile 4 | 1.19 (0.95, 1.50) | 0.13 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 0.55 | |||||
| Rapid and/or difficulty breathing in week prior | Linear | 0.999 (0.995, 1.004) | 0.68 | 10292 | 1112.0 | 1.000 (0.998, 1.003) | 0.77 | 10950 | 1145.6 |
| Log-linear | 0.88 (0.66, 1.18) | 0.39 | 1108.7 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 0.93 | 1144.5 | |||
| Quartile 2 | 1.00 (0.55, 1.82) | 0.99 | 1106.6 | 1.02 (0.52, 2.01) | 0.95 | 1148.1 | |||
| Quartile 3 | 1.26 (0.71, 2.25) | 0.43 | 0.91 (0.52, 2.01) | 0.78 | |||||
| Quartile 4 | 0.58 (0.29, 1.18) | 0.13 | 1.04 (0.51, 2.10) | 0.91 | |||||
*
Mortality was adjusted for socioeconomic status, sex, maternal nulliparity, and IRC; morbidity was adjusted for socioeconomic status, sex, maternal nulliparity, IRC, and age
**
Quartile 1 used as reference for all other quartiles
***
Postnatal exposure to PM2.5 was not modeled since most infant deaths occurred before measurement - only 12 infants who died had at least one postnatal measurement