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. 2025 Aug 12;13:1641236. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1641236

FIGURE 2.

Diagram of a scientific experiment involving mRNA encapsulation and analysis. "A" shows encapsulation efficiency of GFP or Il1rn mRNA at 94.77%. "B" is a graph displaying nanoparticle size distribution. "C" is a microscopic image of nanoparticles. "D" and "E" show gel electrophoresis results. "F" and "H" depict fluorescence microscopy images of cell samples treated with LNP-GFP at different time points (24h, 48h, 72h) for HEK293T and tendon cells. "G" presents flow cytometry plots with data on cell populations. "I", "J", and "K" are bar and line graphs showing fluorescence intensity and IL-1RA concentration over time.

Assessment of the in vitro transfection efficiency of mRNA mediated by SM102 LNPs. (A) Schematic diagram of SM102 LNPs. (B) Dynamic light scattering distribution plot of SM102 LNPs-Il1rn. (C) Representative transmission electron microscopy image of SM102 LNPs-Il1rn. (D) Denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis of Il1rn mRNA before (lane 1) and after (lane 2) SM102 LNPs encapsulation. (E) Detection of IL-1RA protein in HEK293T cells treated with (lane 2) or without (lane 1) SM102 LNPs- Il1rn mRNA. Lane 3 was the positive control (Commercially available human IL-1RA protein) (F) Representative images showing the SM102 LNPs-mediated transfection of GFP mRNA in HEK293T cells. Scale bar: 50 μm. (G) Flow cytometry results of GFP positive cells for the control group (upper panel) and transfection group (Lower panel) at 48 h post-treatment. (H) Representative images showing the SM102 LNPs-mediated transfection of GFP mRNA in primary tendon stem cells. Scale bar: 50 μm. (I) Quantification of the fluorescence intensity of GFP from 24 h to 72 h post-transfection. (J) ELISA assay for detection of IL-1RA levels in the culture medium of tendon cells treated with 2 ng/μL SM102 LNPs- Il1rn mRNA from Day 1 to Day 7 post-transfection. (K) ELISA assay for detection of IL-1RA levels in the culture medium of tendon cells treated with different concentration of SM102 LNPs- Il1rn mRNA at 24 h post-transfection. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; n = 3; All data are shown as the mean ± Standard Error of the Mean (SEM); Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD test.