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. 2025 Aug 12;16:1627020. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1627020

Figure 3.

Four panels illustrate KEGG pathway enrichment and impact analyses based on LC-MS and GC-MS data. Panel A shows LC-MS-based enrichment with bubble sizes representing metabolite counts and colors reflecting significance. Panel B presents similar analysis from GC-MS data. Panel C integrates LC-MS and GC-MS results with combined pathway enrichment. Panel D displays a pathway impact plot, where each circle represents a pathway plotted by statistical significance (p-value, Y-axis) and pathway impact (X-axis). Larger and darker circles indicate more significant and biologically influential pathways.

Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed metabolites from LC-MS and GC-MS data.(A) Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites from LC-MS data. Each bubble represents a distinct metabolic pathway, with the size of the bubble indicating the number of differential metabolites within that pathway. The color intensity of the bubble reflects the statistical significance (p-value) of the pathway, with red indicating higher significance. (B) Pathway enrichment analysis of metabolites from GC-MS data, showing similar representations of pathway significance and metabolite count. (C) Pathway enrichment analysis of combined LC-MS and GC-MS data, with bubble size corresponding to the number of differential metabolites and color indicating the pathway’s significance. (D) Pathway impact analysis for combined LC-MS and GC-MS data. Each point represents a metabolic pathway, with the X-axis indicating the pathway’s impact and the Y-axis indicating its statistical significance (p-value). More prominent points represent pathways with a higher contribution to the metabolic network, while smaller p-values indicate more statistically significant pathways.